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Class XII Science Commerce Humanities Syllabus 2019-2020

Comprehensive Guide for CBSE Class 12 Curriculum

The Class XII board examination marks a crucial milestone in a student's academic journey. The syllabus for the academic year 2019-2020 has been designed by educational boards to provide comprehensive learning across different streams. This document provides detailed information about the syllabus for Science, Commerce, and Humanities streams to help students and educators understand the curriculum framework, examination patterns, and assessment criteria.

Science Stream

The Science stream offers students a foundation in scientific principles and methodologies, preparing them for careers in engineering, medicine, research, and other science-related fields.

Physics

The Physics syllabus is divided into theory and practical components:

  • Electrostatics: Electric charges, Coulomb's law, electric field, electric potential, capacitors
  • Current Electricity: Ohm's law, Kirchhoff's laws, resistors, electrical instruments
  • Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism: Ampere's law, magnetic field due to current, magnetic materials
  • Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents: Faraday's law, inductance, AC circuits
  • Electromagnetic Waves: Properties and applications of electromagnetic waves
  • Optics: Ray optics and optical instruments, wave optics
  • Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation: Photoelectric effect, de Broglie hypothesis
  • Atoms and Nuclei: Atomic structure, nuclear reactions, radioactivity
  • Electronic Devices: Semiconductors, diodes, transistors
  • Communication Systems: Elements of communication systems, bandwidth
Assessment: Theory paper carries 70 marks, while practical examination carries 30 marks.

Chemistry

The Chemistry curriculum covers:

  • Solid State: Crystal structures, unit cells, imperfections
  • Solutions: Types of solutions, colligative properties
  • Electrochemistry: Electrochemical cells, Nernst equation, batteries
  • Chemical Kinetics: Rate of reactions, order of reactions, catalysis
  • Surface Chemistry: Adsorption, colloids, emulsions
  • General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements: Ores, metallurgical processes
  • p-Block Elements: Group 15, 16, 17, and 18 elements
  • d and f Block Elements: Transition metals, lanthanoids, actinoids
  • Coordination Compounds: Nomenclature, bonding, isomerism
  • Haloalkanes and Haloarenes: Nomenclature, reactions, environmental impact
  • Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers: Classification, properties, reactions
  • Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids: Structure, properties, reactions
  • Amines: Classification, properties, reactions
  • Biomolecules: Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids
  • Polymers: Classification, preparation, properties
  • Chemistry in Everyday Life: Medicines, food additives, cleansing agents
Assessment: Theory paper carries 70 marks, while practical examination carries 30 marks.

Mathematics

The Mathematics syllabus comprises:

  • Relations and Functions: Types of relations, functions, inverse functions
  • Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Properties, principal values
  • Matrices: Types, operations, inverse of matrices
  • Determinants: Properties, applications
  • Continuity and Differentiability: Chain rule, derivatives, mean value theorem
  • Applications of Derivatives: Maxima and minima, tangents and normals
  • Integrals: Indefinite integrals, definite integrals, fundamental theorem
  • Applications of Integrals: Area under curves
  • Differential Equations: Formation, solution methods
  • Vector Algebra: Vectors, scalar and vector products
  • Three Dimensional Geometry: Lines, planes, shortest distance
  • Linear Programming: Mathematical formulation, graphical method
  • Probability: Conditional probability, Bayes' theorem, probability distributions
Assessment: Total marks are 100, with theory paper carrying 80 marks and internal assessment 20 marks.

Biology

The Biology curriculum includes:

  • Reproduction: Asexual and sexual reproduction in plants and animals
  • Genetics and Evolution: Mendelian inheritance, chromosomes, DNA, evolution theories
  • Biology and Human Welfare: Health, disease, microbes in human welfare
  • Biotechnology and its Applications: Recombinant DNA technology, applications in agriculture and medicine
  • Ecology and Environment: Ecosystems, biodiversity, environmental issues
Assessment: Theory paper carries 70 marks, while practical examination carries 30 marks.

Computer Science

Computer Science syllabus covers:

  • Computational Thinking and Programming: Advanced Python programming
  • Computer Networks: Network types, protocols, security
  • Database Management: SQL, database operations
Assessment: Theory paper carries 70 marks, while practical examination carries 30 marks.

Commerce Stream

The Commerce stream provides students with knowledge about business, trade, finance, and economics, preparing them for careers in business management, accounting, finance, and commerce-related fields.

Accountancy

The Accountancy syllabus includes:

  • Accounting for Not-for-Profit Organizations: Receipts and payments, income and expenditure
  • Accounting for Partnership Firms: Reconstitution, admission, retirement, death of a partner
  • Accounting for Share Capital: Issue and redemption of shares
  • Debentures: Issue and redemption of debentures
  • Financial Statements of Companies: Preparation and presentation
  • Analysis of Financial Statements: Ratios, cash flow statement
Assessment: Theory paper carries 80 marks, while practical project carries 20 marks.

Business Studies

The Business Studies curriculum comprises:

  • Nature and Significance of Management: Management principles, functions
  • Principles of Management: Scientific management, Fayol's principles
  • Business Environment: Types, dimensions, impact
  • Planning: Types, importance, limitations
  • Organising: Organizational structure, delegation
  • Staffing: Recruitment, training, development
  • Directing: Motivation, leadership, communication
  • Controlling: Process, techniques
  • Financial Management: Financial decisions, capital structure
  • Financial Markets: Money market, capital market
  • Marketing: Mix, product, price, promotion, place
  • Consumer Protection: Rights, responsibilities, redressal
Assessment: Theory paper carries 80 marks, while practical project carries 20 marks.

Economics

The Economics syllabus is divided into two parts:

  • Introductory Microeconomics:
    • Introduction: Meaning, scope, importance
    • Consumer's Equilibrium and Demand: Utility, indifference curve, budget line
    • Producer Behaviour and Supply: Production function, cost and revenue
    • Forms of Market and Price Determination: Perfect competition, monopoly, etc.
    • Simple Applications of Tools of Demand and Supply
  • Introductory Macroeconomics:
    • National Income and Related Aggregates: Measurement, determination
    • Money and Banking: Functions, RBI, commercial banks
    • Determination of Income and Employment: Multiplier, full employment
    • Government Budget and the Economy: Components, objectives
    • Balance of Payments: Deficit, foreign exchange market
Assessment: Theory paper carries 80 marks, while practical project carries 20 marks.

Humanities Stream

The Humanities stream offers students insights into human society, culture, and history, preparing them for careers in social sciences, law, civil services, education, and other fields.

History

The History curriculum includes:

  • The Story of the First Cities: Harappan Archaeology: Early urban centers
  • Kinship, Caste and Class: Early Societies: Social structures
  • Thinkers, Beliefs and Buildings: Cultural Developments: Religious and philosophical developments
  • Through the Eyes of Travellers: Perceptions of Society: Travel accounts
  • Bhakti-Sufi Traditions: Changes in Religious Beliefs: Devotional movements
  • An Imperial Capital: Vijayanagara: City and empire
  • Peasants, Zamindars and the State: Agrarian Relations: Rural society
  • Colonialism and Rural Society: Impact on villages
  • Colonial Cities: Urban transformation
  • Rebels and the Raj: 1857 and After: Revolt and its consequences
  • Mahatma Gandhi and the Nationalist Movement: Civil Disobedience
  • Understanding Partition: Politics, memories, experiences
  • Framing the Constitution: Making of the Indian Constitution
Assessment: Theory paper carries 80 marks, while project work carries 20 marks.

Political Science

The Political Science syllabus comprises:

  • The Cold War Era: Origin and consequences, Cuban Missile Crisis
  • The End of Bipolarity: Soviet system collapse, impact
  • US Hegemony in World Politics: Beginning, constraints, operations
  • Alternative Centres of Power: European Union, ASEAN, China
  • Contemporary South Asia: Countries and developments
  • International Organisations: UN, agencies, reforms
  • Security in Contemporary World: Traditional and non-traditional security
  • Environment and Natural Resources: Environmental movements
  • Globalisation: Causes, consequences, resistance
  • Challenges of Nation-Building: Partition, integration
  • Era of One-Party Dominance: Congress system, opposition
  • Politics of Planned Development: Five year plans, agriculture
  • India's External Relations: Foreign policy, conflicts
  • Challenges to and Restoration of Congress System: Political developments
  • Crisis of the Democratic Order: Emergency and its aftermath
  • Regional Aspirations: Accommodation, demands
  • Recent Developments in Indian Politics: Coalition politics
Assessment: Theory paper carries 80 marks, while project work carries 20 marks.

Geography

The Geography curriculum includes:

  • Human Geography: Nature, scope, approaches
  • The World Population: Distribution, density, growth
  • Human Activities: Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
  • Transport, Communication and Trade: Infrastructure, trade routes
  • Human Settlements: Types, patterns, functions
  • People: Population, migration, human development
  • Human Settlements: Rural and urban settlements
  • Resources and Development: Types, planning, conservation
  • Transport and Communication: Networks, trade
  • International Trade: Basis, composition, direction
  • Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems: Environmental concerns
  • Practical Work: Maps, surveys, projects
Assessment: Theory paper carries 70 marks, while practical work carries 30 marks.

Psychology

The Psychology syllabus covers:

  • Variations in Psychological Attributes: Intelligence, aptitude, assessment
  • Self and Personality: Self-knowledge, personality theories
  • Meeting Life Challenges: Stress, coping, health
  • Psychological Disorders: Types, symptoms, therapies
  • Therapeutic Approaches: Nature, types, effectiveness
  • Attitude and Social Cognition: Attitudes, social cognition
  • Social Influence and Group Processes: Conformity, obedience, groups
  • Developing Psychological Skills: Effective thinking, communication
Assessment: Theory paper carries 70 marks, while practical work carries 30 marks.

Examination Pattern

The Class XII board examinations follow a structured pattern:

  • Theory Examinations: Conducted for 3 hours with varying maximum marks according to subject
  • Practical/Project Work: Internal assessment focusing on application and practical skills
  • Question Paper Format: Includes short answer, long answer, and application-based questions
  • Internal Assessment: Formulated to evaluate students' understanding throughout the academic year

Tips for Effective Preparation

  • Focus on understanding concepts rather than rote memorization
  • Practice previous years' question papers and sample papers
  • Follow the marking scheme to prioritize topics
  • Create summarized notes for quick revision
  • Allocate time according to weightage of different sections
  • For practical subjects, ensure proper documentation and understanding of experiments
  • Take regular breaks during study sessions to maintain concentration
  • Join study groups for collaborative learning
  • Seek help from teachers for difficult concepts
  • Maintain physical and mental well-being through adequate sleep and exercise

The Class XII Science, Commerce, and Humanities syllabus for the 2019-2020 academic year provides a comprehensive framework for learning and assessment across various disciplines. Students should approach their preparation systematically, understanding the depth and breadth of each subject. Success in board examinations requires not only knowledge of the syllabus but also effective time management, consistent effort, and a positive attitude. By following the prescribed syllabus and adopting appropriate study strategies, students can excel in their examinations and build a strong foundation for their future academic pursuits.

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