Sarla Birla Public School Class XII Commerce Syllabus 2019-20

Core Commerce Subjects

1. Accountancy (Code: 055)

Unit 1: Accounting for Not-for-Profit Organization

• Meaning and features of Not-for-Profit Organizations (NPO)
• Receipts and Payments: Meaning and preparation of Receipts and Payments Account
• Income and Expenditure Account: features, preparation
• Balance Sheet: meaning, features, preparation

Unit 2: Accounting for Partnership Firms - Basic Concepts

• Meaning, features, and types of partnership
• Partnership Deed
• Rules applicable in the absence of partnership deed
• Fixed and Fluctuating Capital Accounts
• Profit and Loss Appropriation Account
• Interest on Capital, Interest on Drawings
• Interest on Loan to Partners
• Salary, Commission, and Remuneration to Partners
• Guarantee of Profit

Unit 3: Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm - Admission of a Partner

• Meaning and need for reconstitution
• Change in profit sharing ratio
• Sacrificing ratio and gaining ratio
• Accounting treatment for goodwill
• Accounting treatment for revaluation of assets and liabilities
• Accounting treatment for reserves and accumulated profits
• Adjustment of capital accounts

Unit 4: Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm - Retirement/Death of a Partner

• Meaning and different modes of retirement/death
• New profit sharing ratio and gaining ratio
• Accounting treatment for goodwill
• Accounting treatment for revaluation of assets and liabilities
• Accounting treatment for reserves and accumulated profits
• Disposal of amount due to retiring partner
• Death of a partner: Accounting treatment

Unit 5: Dissolution of Partnership Firm

• Meaning and types of dissolution
• Settlement of accounts
• Accounting treatment on dissolution

Unit 6: Accounting for Share Capital

• Features and types of companies
• Share capital: nature and types
• Issue of shares: basic procedures
• Accounting treatment for issue of shares
• Forfeiture of shares
• Re-issue of forfeited shares

Unit 7: Issue and Redemption of Debentures

• Meaning, types, and features of debentures
• Issue of debentures at par, premium, and discount
• Debentures as collateral security
• Methods of redemption of debentures
• Accounting treatment for redemption of debentures

Unit 8: Financial Statements of a Company

• Meaning and objectives of financial statements
• Balance Sheet: format and major items
• Income Statement (Statement of Profit and Loss)

Unit 9: Analysis of Financial Statements

• Meaning and objectives of financial statement analysis
• Tools of financial statement analysis: Comparative statements, Common size statements, Ratio analysis, Cash flow statement

Unit 10: Accounting Ratios

• Meaning, objectives, and classification of ratios
• Liquidity ratios: Current ratio, Quick ratio
• Solvency ratios: Debt-Equity ratio, Equity ratio, Proprietary ratio
• Activity ratios: Stock turnover ratio, Debtors turnover ratio, Creditors turnover ratio, Fixed assets turnover ratio
• Profitability ratios: Gross profit ratio, Net profit ratio, Operating ratio, Return on investment

Unit 11: Cash Flow Statement

• Meaning, objectives, and preparation
• Cash from operating activities
• Cash from investing activities
• Cash from financing activities

2. Business Studies (Code: 054)

Part A: Principles and Functions of Management

Unit 1: Nature and Significance of Management

• Concept, objectives, and importance of management
• Nature of management
• Management as art, science, and profession
• Levels of management
• Functions of management
• Coordination: nature and importance

Unit 2: Principles of Management

• Meaning and nature of principles of management
• Taylor's Scientific Management: principles and techniques
• Fayol's Principles of Management

Unit 3: Business Environment

• Meaning and features of business environment
• Importance of business environment
• Types of business environment
• Dimensions of business environment
• Economic environment in India

Unit 4: Planning

• Meaning, features, and importance of planning
• Types of plans
• Planning process
• Limitations of planning

Unit 5: Organising

• Meaning and process of organising
• Organizational structure and its types
• Formal and informal organization
• Delegation of authority
• Decentralization

Unit 6: Staffing

• Meaning and nature of staffing
• Importance of staffing
• Staffing process
• Recruitment: meaning and sources
• Selection: meaning and procedure
• Training and development

Unit 7: Directing

• Meaning and importance of directing
• Elements of directing: Supervision, Motivation, Leadership, Communication
• Motivation theories: Maslow's need hierarchy theory, Herzberg's two-factor theory
• Leadership styles
• Formal and informal communication
• Barriers to effective communication

Unit 8: Controlling

• Meaning, features, and importance of controlling
• Relationship between planning and controlling
• Steps in controlling process
• Techniques of controlling

Part B: Business Finance and Marketing

Unit 9: Financial Management

• Meaning, objectives, and importance of financial management
• Financial decisions: Investment, Financing, Dividend
• Financial planning: meaning and importance
• Capital structure: meaning and factors
• Fixed and working capital

Unit 10: Financial Markets

• Meaning and functions of financial markets
• Money market: meaning, instruments, and participants
• Capital market: meaning, primary market, secondary market
• Stock exchange: meaning, functions, and trading procedures
• SEBI: role and objectives

Unit 11: Marketing

• Meaning, features, and importance of marketing
• Marketing vs. selling
• Marketing management philosophies
• Marketing mix: meaning and elements
• Product: meaning, classification, branding, labelling, packaging
• Price: meaning, factors, pricing methods
• Physical distribution: meaning, components
• Promotion: meaning, tools

Unit 12: Consumer Protection

• Meaning and importance of consumer protection
• Legal framework for consumer protection in India
• Consumer Protection Act, 1986: provisions
• Consumer rights
• Consumer responsibilities
• Ways of consumer protection
• Role of consumer organizations and NGOs

3. Economics (Code: 030)

Part A: Introductory Macroeconomics

Unit 1: National Income and Related Aggregates

• Basic concepts: final goods, intermediate goods, stock, flow, investment, capital
• Circular flow of income
• Aggregates related to national income: GDP, GNP, NDP, NNP
• Methods of calculating national income
• Real and nominal national income
• Limitations of national income accounting

Unit 2: Money and Banking

• Money: meaning and functions
• Supply of money: measurement and components
• Commercial banks: meaning and functions
• Central bank: meaning and functions
• Money creation by commercial banks

Unit 3: Determination of Income and Employment

• Aggregate demand and its components
• Aggregate supply
• Meaning of unemployment
• Full employment and involuntary unemployment
• Determination of equilibrium level of income
• Changes in aggregate demand
• Multiplier mechanism

Unit 4: Government Budget and the Economy

• Government budget: meaning, objectives, and components
• Classification of receipts
• Classification of expenditure
• Budgetary deficits: meaning and types
• Fiscal policy

Unit 5: Balance of Payments

• Balance of payments: meaning and components
• Balance of trade
• Disequilibrium in balance of payments
• Foreign exchange rate
• Managed floating and fixed exchange rates

Part B: Indian Economic Development

Unit 6: Development Experience (1947-90) and Economic Reforms since 1991

• A brief overview of the five-year plans
• Agricultural sector
• Industrial policy
• Foreign trade policy
• Economic crisis of 1991
• New economic policy 1991: features
• Liberalization, privatization, globalization

Unit 7: Current Challenges Facing Indian Economy

• Poverty: causes and programs
• Human capital formation
• Rural development
• Unemployment
• Infrastructure
• Sustainable economic development

Unit 8: Development Experience of India: A Comparison with Neighbors

• Comparative development experiences of India and its neighbors: Pakistan and China
• Demographic indicators
• Gross national income and per capita income
• Human development index
• Appraisal of development strategies

4. English Core (Code: 301)

Section A: Reading Comprehension

• Unseen passages (factual/descriptive/literary)
• Note-making and summarizing

Section B: Writing and Grammar

• Short writing tasks: advertisements, notices, invitations, posters
• Long writing tasks: letters (formal/informal), articles/speeches/reports
• Grammar: tenses, clauses, reported speech, determiners, prepositions

Section C: Literature

• Flamingo (NCERT prescribed textbook): Prose and Poetry
• Vistas (NCERT supplementary reader)
• Long and short answer questions based on the texts

5. Mathematics (Optional for Commerce)

Relations and Functions

• Types of relations
• Types of functions
• Composition of functions and invertible functions
• Binary operations

Algebra

• Matrices
• Determinants
• Application of determinants and matrices

Calculus

• Continuity and differentiability
• Applications of derivatives
• Integrals
• Applications of integrals
• Differential equations

Vectors and three-dimensional geometry

• Vectors
• Three-dimensional geometry

Linear Programming

• Introduction and related terminology
• Mathematical formulation of linear programming problems
• Graphical method of solving linear programming problems

Probability

• Conditional probability
• Multiplication theorem on probability
• Independent events
• Bayes' theorem
• Random variables and probability distributions
• Bernoulli trials and binomial distribution

6. Informatics Practices (Optional for Commerce)

Database Management

• Database concepts
• SQL commands and functions
• Advanced SQL queries
• Transaction control and TCL

GUI Programming

• Introduction to NetBeans IDE
• Basics of GUI programming
• Controls and components in Java
• Event handling
• Databases connectivity with GUI

Assessment Structure

Subject	Theory Examination	Practical/Internal Assessment	Total Marks
Accountancy	80	20	100
Business Studies	80	20	100
Economics	80	20	100
English Core	80	20	100
Mathematics	80	20	100
Informatics Practices	70	30	100

Study Tips and Resources

• Create a study schedule that allocates sufficient time for each subject based on difficulty level and your proficiency
• Solve previous year question papers and sample papers to understand examination patterns
• For Accountancy, practice journal entries and prepare accounting formats regularly
• In Business Studies, understand real-life applications of management concepts through case studies
• For Economics, stay updated with current economic news and relate them to theoretical concepts
• Use NCERT textbooks as primary study material supplemented with reference books
• Focus on understanding concepts rather than rote memorization
• Participate in class discussions and clarify doubts with teachers promptly
• Form study groups for collaborative learning of complex topics
• Regular revision is crucial, especially for subjects with numerous concepts and formulas

Additional Support at Sarla Birla Public School

Academic Support

• Remedial classes for students requiring additional help
• Doubt-clearing sessions before examinations
• Library with extensive reference materials
• Digital resources and e-learning platforms

Co-curricular Activities

• Commerce club activities and competitions
• Workshops on financial literacy and entrepreneurship
• Guest lectures by industry experts
• Field visits to banks, stock exchanges, and business establishments
• Entrepreneurship development programs

Career Guidance

Higher Education Options

• Bachelor of Commerce (B.Com) with specializations
• Chartered Accountancy (CA)
• Company Secretary (CS)
• Cost and Management Accountant (CMA)
• Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA)
• Professional courses in banking, insurance, and finance
• Integrated MBA programs
• Hotel management and hospitality courses
• Mass communication and journalism
• Law with corporate law specialization

Entrance Examinations

• Common Law Admission Test (CLAT)
• Joint Entrance Examination for management courses
• CA Foundation Examination
• CS Foundation Examination
• CUET for undergraduate admissions in central universities