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10 Jun 2026 22:32
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Glossary of Legal Terminology
English to Spanish Translations for Common Legal Terms
A
Acquit - Absolver
To find a defendant not guilty in a criminal trial.
Affidavit - Affidvit / Declaracin jurada
A written statement confirmed by oath or affirmation for use as evidence in court.
Alimony - Pensin alimenticia
Court-ordered support paid by one spouse to the other.
Appeal - Apelacin
The review of a trial court's decision by a higher court.
Arbitration - Arbitraje
A method of alternative dispute resolution where parties agree to have a neutral third party make a binding decision.
Arraignment - Audiencia de formulacin de cargos
A court proceeding at which a defendant is advised of the charges and asked to enter a plea.
Assault - Agresin
An attempt or threat to inflict physical harm upon someone.
B
Bail - Fianza
Money or property given to the court as security for the release of a defendant.
Battery - Lesiones
The intentional infliction of harmful physical contact with another person.
Beyond reasonable doubt - Ms all de toda duda razonable
The standard of proof in criminal cases, requiring the prosecution to prove guilt to a high degree of certainty.
Binding contract - Contrato vinculante
A legal agreement that is enforceable by law.
Burden of proof - Carga de la prueba
The obligation to prove an assertion or claim in court.
C
Capital punishment - Pena capital
The legally authorized killing of someone as punishment for a crime.
Civil law - Derecho civil
The body of laws that govern ordinary private matters, distinct from criminal law.
Complaint - Demanda
The initial document filed to begin a civil lawsuit.
Contempt of court - Desacato
An act of disrespect or defiance toward a court or its officers.
Conviction - Condena
A formal declaration that someone is guilty of a criminal offense.
Criminal law - Derecho penal
The body of law that relates to crime.
D
Damages - Daos y perjuicios
Financial compensation awarded to compensate a person for loss or injury.
Defendant - Acusado
A person accused of a crime or being sued in a civil case.
Deposition - Declaracin testimonial
The sworn testimony of a witness taken outside of court.
Discovery - Descubrimiento de pruebas
The pre-trial phase in a lawsuit where parties exchange documents and information.
Due process - Debido proceso
The fair treatment through the judicial system.
E
Embezzlement - Malversacin
The fraudulent misappropriation of money or property by someone in a position of trust.
Enjoin - Ordenar
To legally prohibit or require an action through a court order.
Equity - Equidad
The branch of law that developed alongside common law to provide remedies not available in common law courts.
Evidence - Evidencia / Prueba
Information or objects presented to prove or disprove a fact in a legal case.
Exhibit - Exhibicin / Pieza
A document or object shown to the court as evidence.
F
Felony - Delito grave / Felona
A serious crime, typically punishable by imprisonment for more than one year.
Fiduciary - Fiduciario
A person who holds a legal or ethical relationship of trust with one or more other parties.
Fraud - Fraude
Intentional deception to secure unfair or unlawful gain.
G
Grand jury - Gran jurado
A jury of citizens that evaluates evidence to determine if criminal charges should be brought.
Guardian - Tutor
A person legally appointed to manage the affairs of another who is incapable of doing so.
H
Habeas corpus - Habeas corpus
A court order requiring law enforcement to bring a prisoner before the court to determine the legality of detention.
Hearing - Audiencia
A proceeding before a court or other decision-making body.
Hostile witness - Testigo hostil
A witness who appears biased or unwilling to testify favorably for the party that called them.
I
Immunity - Inmunidad
Exemption from certain legal requirements or penalties.
Indictment - Acusacin formal / Indictment
A formal charge or accusation of a serious crime.
Injunction - Injuncin
A court order requiring a person to do or not do something.
Intestate - Intestado
Having died without a valid will.
J
Judgment - Sentencia
The final decision of a court resolving a dispute.
Jurisdiction - Jurisdiccin
The official power to make legal decisions and judgments.
Jury - Jurado
A body of people sworn to give a verdict in a legal case on the basis of evidence submitted to them.
Justice of the peace - Juez de paz
A local judicial officer with limited jurisdiction.
L
Liable - Responsable
Responsible by law for something, especially for paying compensation.
Litigation - Litigio
The process of taking legal action.
M
Misdemeanor - Delito menor
A minor wrongdoing, typically less serious than a felony.
Mistrial - Juicio anulado
A trial rendered invalid through an error in the proceedings.
Murder - Asesinato / Homicidio
The unlawful premeditated killing of one human being by another.
N
Negligence - Negligencia
Failure to take proper care in doing something, resulting in damage or injury.
Notary public - Notario pblico
An official authorized to perform certain legal formalities, especially to certify documents.
Null and void - Nulo y sin efecto
Having no legal force or effect.
O
Oath - Juramento
A solemn promise, often invoking a divine witness, to tell the truth or fulfill a duty.
Objection - Objecin
An expression of opposition or disapproval to something proposed during a trial.
Order - Orden
A formal expression of a court's decision.
P
Paralegal - Asistente legal
A person trained in subsidiary legal matters but not fully qualified as a lawyer.
Pardon - Indulto
The forgiveness of a crime and the cancellation of the relevant penalty.
Party - Parte
A person or group of people constituting one side in a legal dispute.
Patent - Patente
A government authority or license conferring a right or title for a set period.
Plea - Declaracin
A formal statement by a defendant of being guilty or not guilty.
Plaintiff - Demandante
A person who brings a case against another in a court of law.
Power of attorney - Poder notarial
The authority to act for another person in specified legal or financial matters.
Precedent - Precedente
A previous court decision that guides future cases with similar questions.
Probate - Testamentara
The legal process of establishing the validity of a will.
Probation - Libertad condicional
A system where an offender is placed under supervision instead of remaining imprisoned.
Prosecutor - Fiscal
A public official who conducts criminal proceedings on behalf of the state.
Q
Quid pro quo - Algo por algo
Something given in return for something else; often used in legal contexts about bargaining.
Quash - Anular
To reject or void, especially a legal decision or indictment.
R
Reasonable doubt - Duda razonable
The standard of proof in criminal cases that requires the defendant's guilt to be established beyond all reasonable doubt.
Res ipsa loquitur - El hecho habla por s mismo
A doctrine in tort law that allows negligence to be inferred without direct evidence.
Restitution - Restitucin
The restoration of something lost or stolen to its proper owner.
Retainer - Honorarios de reserva
A fee paid to a lawyer to secure their services.
Robbery - Robo
The taking of property from a person by force or threat of force.
S
Sentence - Sentencia
The decision a court makes about the punishment for someone found guilty of a crime.
Settlement - Acuerdo
An official agreement intended to resolve a dispute or conflict.
Statute - Estatuto / Ley
A written law passed by a legislative body.
Statute of limitations - Plazo de prescripcin
The time limit within which legal proceedings must be initiated.
Subpoena - Citacin judicial
A writ ordering a person to attend a court.
Summons - Citacin
A call by an authority to appear before a court.
T
Tort - Ilcito civil
A wrongful act or an infringement of a right leading to civil legal liability.
Trademark - Marca registrada
A symbol, word, or words legally registered or established by use as representing a company or product.
Trial - Juicio
A formal examination of evidence by a court, jury, or other decision-making body.
Trust - Fideicomiso
A fiduciary relationship in which one party holds property for the benefit of another.
V
Verdict - Veredicto
A decision on a disputed issue in a civil or criminal case.
Voir dire - Examen de testigos / Voir dire
The preliminary examination of witnesses or jurors to determine their competency or suitability.
W
Warrant - Orden de arresto / Mandamiento
A legal document issued by a court giving authority to the police or other officials.
Will - Testamento
A legal document expressing a person's wishes as to how their property is to be distributed after death.
Witness - Testigo
A person who sees an event, typically a crime or accident, take place.
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